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Hardened plaque that forms when soft plaque mineralises with minerals from saliva. Can only be removed by a professional.

Teeth whitening using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, which alter the protein structures and light transmission within the tooth; the effect wears off over time and can temporarily make teeth more sensitive.

A period of hormonal change that also affects oral health: falling oestrogen levels can lead to dry mouth, sensitive gums and an increased risk of periodontitis.

Bacteria-rich build-up on the tongue and the most common cause of bad breath; can be reduced by gentle, regular tongue cleaning.

Bacteria-induced erosion of enamel and dentine caused by acids produced during sugar metabolism within the biofilm. The risk is increased by frequent snacking, dry mouth and dysbiosis.

The outer, visible layer of the tooth and the hardest substance in the body. It forms before birth, does not regenerate and is constantly interacting with saliva throughout a person’s life.

The eruption of milk teeth and permanent teeth marks the start of what is known as post-eruptive enamel maturation: in the first few months following this, the enamel is still soft and particularly vulnerable to acids, plaque and mineral loss – this is the most important phase for targeted stabilisation.

A biomimetic approach in which submicroscopic hydroxyapatite (liquid tooth enamel) is specifically deposited into micro-defects and porous areas of the tooth surface. Unlike a filling, tooth repair does not replace lost tooth structure, but instead stabilises and smooths areas that are still intact but weakened at an early stage.

By far the most common cause is tooth decay, followed by gum inflammation, exposed tooth necks, bruxism or inflammation of the tooth nerve (pulpitis). Persistent or severe pain always requires dental treatment – home remedies and painkillers are only a stopgap until your appointment.