Research.

Combination therapy achieved a remineralisation rate of 69.3% after one year; non-invasive treatment of enamel and dentine lesions has been confirmed as effective.

Significant potential for HA remineralisation has been demonstrated on demineralised enamel around brackets.

Hydroxyapatite paste was the only treatment that significantly reduced dentine demineralisation and improved enamel remineralisation compared with the placebo.

Significantly higher enamel remineralisation than in the fluoride control group.

Significantly higher levels of dentine remineralisation with HA compared with fluoride.

The scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite-containing oral care products in reducing dental caries has been expanded by both randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and in situ clinical studies.

Toothpaste containing HA and fluoride for children with active caries lesions may be a better choice for milk teeth than fluoride-containing toothpaste.

Significantly higher levels of dentine remineralisation with HA compared with fluoride.

The study provides solid evidence of the effectiveness of HAF toothpastes, compared with conventional fluoridated toothpastes, in reducing risk factors for dental caries and preventing caries lesions.

Significant improvement in the gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment gain; increase in salivary IgA and pH in the probiotics group.

A significant reduction in the plaque and gingival indices in patients with gingivitis.

Results comparable to or better than those of chlorhexidine for gingivitis parameters, without the typical side effects.

Significant change in biofilm composition; competitive inhibition of periodontal pathogens.

A significantly greater reduction in probing depth of ≥4 mm was observed in the HK-L-137 group after 12 weeks.

A significant reduction in cariogenic bacteria in saliva following the use of a probiotic mouthwash.

A significant reduction in the plaque index and gingival index.

A significant reduction in the plaque index and gingival index.

L. rhamnosus, B. longum and S. cerevisiae significantly reduced the levels of cariogenic bacteria in saliva.

Inhibition of F. nucleatum (MIC 1 mg/mL), biofilm inhibition 87.5% at 62.5 µg/mL, significant suppression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6.

Improved flow-dependent dilation, reduced blood pressure, and improved memory and executive function after 12 weeks.

Improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness and HDL cholesterol; 12–15 per cent reduction in CVD risk.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects; potential for the prevention of chronic diseases.

Anthocyanins improve vascular and glucose regulation; they have a positive effect on the gut microbiota.

A significant reduction in systolic (−6 %) and diastolic (−4 %) blood pressure, as well as a reduction in lipid peroxidation.

After twelve months, the hyaluronic acid group showed an almost twofold greater reduction in probeable pocket depths compared with the control group.

The systematic review shows that hyaluronic acid, when used as an adjunctive measure in periodontology and oral surgery, can have positive effects on wound healing, inflammatory responses and clinical parameters. The authors point out, however, that the heterogeneity of the studies and the limited data available restrict the ability to draw definitive conclusions.

The review concludes that hyaluronic acid can have a positive effect on oral wound healing. The included studies showed improvements in the healing process, pain perception and clinical healing parameters, although the evidence remains limited due to small sample sizes and varying study designs.

A qualitative synthesis of the evidence suggests that vitamin D supplements improve oral health outcomes, particularly periodontal health.

Taking vitamin D supplements improves the clinical efficacy of NSPT, particularly in patients with a confirmed vitamin D deficiency. The additional (adjuvant) benefits appear to be mediated by immunomodulatory and antimicrobial mechanisms that complement mechanical debridement.

Higher magnesium levels were associated with shallower periodontal pocket depths, less clinical attachment loss and a lower prevalence of periodontitis, whilst favourable Mg/Ca ratios protected against disease progression. Systemic associations, particularly with diabetes, showed lower magnesium levels in cases of comorbidity, with improvements following treatment suggesting anti-inflammatory benefits.

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of micronutrients for maintaining good periodontal health and have provided some evidence of a causal link with periodontal disease.

It was observed that periodontal disease progressed more rapidly in patients with a lower dietary intake of vitamin C or lower blood levels of vitamin C than in the control group. With regard to the effect of vitamin C supplementation as an intervention, an improvement in gum bleeding was observed in patients with gingivitis.

The systematic review shows that hyaluronic acid, when used as an adjunctive measure in periodontology and oral surgery, can have positive effects on wound healing, inflammatory responses and clinical parameters. The authors point out, however, that the heterogeneity of the studies and the limited data available restrict the ability to draw definitive conclusions.

The review concludes that hyaluronic acid can have a positive effect on oral wound healing. The included studies showed improvements in the healing process, pain perception and clinical healing parameters, although the evidence remains limited due to small sample sizes and varying study designs.

The randomised clinical trial showed that gum arabic can help improve gingival parameters in cases of plaque-induced gingivitis. This suggests that it has a supportive effect on reducing inflammation in the gum area.

The clinical trial suggests that Arabic gum may have beneficial effects in patients with chronic gingivitis. The results support its use as a complementary measure in gum care.

Given the complex interplay between inflammatory and immune responses in periodontal diseases, the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of L. plantarum – which have been well documented in previous studies – position it as a promising, immunologically targeted adjuvant therapy for the treatment of periodontal diseases. L. plantarum has also demonstrated potential anti-periodontal properties in vitro and in vivo in the context of other organs or systems.

The results of in vitro studies showed that the application of hydroxyapatite caused the dentinal tubules to close, leading to a reduction in dentine permeability and dentine hypersensitivity.

The use of hydroxyapatite in dental gel is an effective desensitising agent that provides relief from symptoms after 2 and 4 weeks.

Improved flow-dependent dilation, reduced blood pressure, and improved memory and executive function after 12 weeks.

Improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness and HDL cholesterol; 12–15 per cent reduction in CVD risk.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects; potential for the prevention of chronic diseases.

Anthocyanins improve vascular and glucose regulation; they have a positive effect on the gut microbiota.

A significant reduction in systolic (−6 %) and diastolic (−4 %) blood pressure, as well as a reduction in lipid peroxidation.

Clinically significant improvement in baseline macrovascular function (FMD +2.21%, p=0.042).

A significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (−6.3 ml) and end-systolic volume (−3.2 ml), regardless of blood pressure.

A significant reduction in systolic (−6 %) and diastolic (−4 %) blood pressure, as well as a reduction in lipid peroxidation.

Improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness and HDL cholesterol; 12–15 per cent reduction in CVD risk.

A combination of protein and strength training leads to greater improvements in muscle mass, grip strength and function than either intervention alone.

A higher total protein intake and plant-based protein are associated with a greater likelihood of healthy ageing.

100 g of protein led to greater and longer-lasting muscle protein synthesis than 25 g.

Whey protein on its own improves SMI and walking speed; when combined with strength training, it also improves grip strength (+2.31 kg).

Dose-dependent increase in strength up to 1.5 g/kg body weight per day (+0.72% per 0.1 g/kg per day); no effect without training.

An even distribution of protein and leucine-rich meals are recommended; easily digestible, EAA-rich proteins are preferred.

Benefits in terms of perceived recovery; no significant overall difference in swimming times.

Improved strength performance in squats and bench presses through nitrate supplementation; recommendation: 6–12 mmol 2–3 hours before exercise.

Significant improvement in performance during intermittent high-intensity exercise.

Improved endurance performance; optimal dose 6.4–12.8 mmol.

A significant improvement in the strength and performance of the skeletal muscles.

Significant improvement in performance; beetroot juice is more effective than nitrate salts.

Significant reduction in O₂ uptake by skeletal muscle – improved movement efficiency demonstrated.

The greatest effects are seen in less fit individuals and under hypoxic conditions; the optimal dose is 5–14.9 mmol, taken approximately 150 minutes before exercise.

Positive effects on muscle strength and mass, particularly when combined with strength training.

Significant improvement in HIIT performance following beetroot consumption.

A significant improvement in muscle performance at various exercise intensities.

Improved flow-dependent dilation, reduced blood pressure, and improved memory and executive function after 12 weeks.

Improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness and HDL cholesterol; 12–15 per cent reduction in CVD risk.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects; potential for the prevention of chronic diseases.

Anthocyanins improve vascular and glucose regulation; they have a positive effect on the gut microbiota.

A significant reduction in systolic (−6 %) and diastolic (−4 %) blood pressure, as well as a reduction in lipid peroxidation.